Liver diseases and their importance for doctors and patients

Liver diseases and the diseases of biliary tracts occur rather frequently. These affections often vary from the standpoint of their seriousness and clinical manifestations. The most widespread groups of diseases are viral and non-viral hepatites, hepatosis, liver cirrhosis or fibrosis, diseases of the biliary tracts such as a cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, and mechanical jaundice. The risk factors of the development of the liver diseases are wrong diets, infections, medications, concomitant diseases, and hereditary predisposition.

Clinical manifestations of liver affections

Taking into account that the main function of the liver is cleansing of the organism from the waste products, the liver affection leads to body intoxication. Quite often this intoxication is so pronounced that it results in mental and emotional disorders such as irritability, hypererethism with irascibility, emotional excitability, sleep disturbances, increased fatigability, touchiness, and suspiciousness. Patients frequently experience headaches, dizziness, palpitations, pains in the right subcostal area, sexual problems such as impotence and disorders of menstrual cycle. In case of more pronounced intoxication, for example, in mechanical obstruction of the biliary tracts by the stone and development of the acute jaundice, patients may give rise to the encephalopathy. Among other important symptoms are jaundice, skin itch, liver enlargement, and temperature rise.

How the liver diseases are diagnosed

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Diagnostics of the liver diseases is performed by the gastroenterologist. The diagnosis is based on the data of clinical examination, laboratory testing, ultrasonic investigations. Among the diagnostic markers of the greatest value are the serum levels of hepatic enzymes reflecting the processes of cytolysis or necrosis of the liver cells, such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine-aminotransferase (ALT); the parameters of cholestasis reflecting the processes of the derangements of bile formation and bile flow; the levels of phosphatase and bilirubin; parameters of the protein-synthetic liver function, such as the levels of albumin, prothrombin index, choline esterase, and some others. The volume of examination, appropriateness of carrying out of this or that research is determined by the hepatologist.

How the liver diseases are treated

The treatment of the liver diseases presupposes the elimination of the toxins, normalization of the liver secretory functions and bile outflow, as well as preventive measures against the secondary inflammatory affections of the abdominal cavity organs.